How to Make a Brochure or Pamphlet With Word Templates.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Use a simple font that is easy to read. See options for work. The second page will be the inside of the brochure. You can use any template you download as-is, or you can customize it to meet your needs. Modern Litho sums up the difference between a brochure and a pamphlet this way:. Internet access is also required to access documents stored on OneDrive, unless you install the OneDrive desktop app. These can be made shorter or longer depending on the copy you want to include.
 
 

How to Make a Brochure in Microsoft Word.

 
But if you perform a search in the template section using “Brochure,” you’ll receive many more options from businesses to education to non-profit organizations. Unsubscribe whenever. Add a second page for a double-sided brochure. Take a look at our resources for management tips and strategies that you can implement right away. If you’re looking to print on Avery labels you may find this article helpful: Print on Avery Labels with Microsoft Word. Financial business brochure tri-fold. Learn more about Word Download our print-ready shortcut cheatsheet for Word.

 

Achiever Papers – We help students improve their academic standing.How to Make a Brochure in Microsoft Word: Step by Step Tutorial

 

The company’s growth from two guys to a billion-dollar corporation exemplifies the American Dream. The magazine noted that the loyalty was not entirely positive for Apple; customers were willing to overlook real flaws in its products, even while comparing the company to a higher standard than for competitors.

It took them a full year to realize what had happened”. The II still sold well, [78] with Apple being the leading computer manufacturer in the United States where 7 million units were sold between and Apple Computer’s business division was focused on the Apple III, another iteration of the text-based computer. Simultaneously the Lisa group worked on a new machine that would feature a completely different interface and introduce the words mouse , icon , and desktop into the lexicon of the computing public.

The first iteration of Apple’s WIMP interface was a floppy disk where files could be spatially moved around. After months of usability testing, Apple designed the Lisa interface of windows and icons.

Because of the high price, Lisa failed to penetrate the business market. By computer dealers saw Apple as the only clear alternative to IBM’s influence; [93] some even promoted its products to reduce dependence on the PC. And you’ll see why won’t be like On the same day, an emotional Jobs introduced the computer to a wildly enthusiastic audience at Apple’s annual shareholders meeting held in the Flint Auditorium; [] [] Macintosh engineer Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as “pandemonium”.

The Macintosh was too radical for some, who labeled it a mere “toy”. Because the machine was entirely designed around the GUI, existing text-mode and command-driven applications had to be redesigned and the programming code rewritten; this was a challenging undertaking that many software developers shied away from, and resulted in an initial lack of software for the new system.

It was not successful. While , people participated, dealers disliked the promotion, the supply of computers was insufficient for demand, and many were returned in such a bad shape that they could no longer be sold. The former favored open architecture computers like the Apple II, sold to education, small business, and home markets less vulnerable to IBM.

This frustrated Wozniak, who left active employment at Apple early that same year to pursue other ventures, stating that the company had “been going in the wrong direction for the last five years” and sold most of his stock.

In April , Sculley decided to remove Jobs as the general manager of the Macintosh division, and gained unanimous support from the Apple board of directors. Jobs, while taking the position of Chairman of the firm, had no influence over Apple’s direction and subsequently resigned from Apple in September and took a number of capable Apple employees with him to found NeXT Inc.

NeXT Inc. While not a commercial success, due in part to its high price, the NeXT computer would introduce important concepts to the history of the personal computer including serving as the initial platform for Tim Berners-Lee as he was developing the World Wide Web.

Sculley reorganized the company, unifying sales and marketing in one division and product operations and development in another. This was due to its introduction of desktop publishing and later computer animation through Apple’s partnership with Adobe Systems , which introduced the laser printer and Adobe PageMaker.

Indeed, the Macintosh would become known as the de facto platform for many industries including cinema, music, advertising, publishing, and the arts. Under leadership of John Sculley , Apple issued its first corporate stock dividend on May 11, A month later on June 16, Apple stock split for the first time in a split.

Apple kept a quarterly dividend with about 0. Apple continued to sell both lines of its computers, the Apple II and the Macintosh. Even with the release of the first Macintosh, Apple II computers remained the main source of income for Apple for years. At the same time, the Mac was becoming a product family of its own.

Meanwhile, Apple attempted its first portable Macs: the failed Macintosh Portable in and then the more popular PowerBook in , a landmark product that established the modern form and ergonomic layout of the laptop. Popular products and increasing revenues made this a good time for Apple. MacAddict magazine has called to the “first golden age” of the Macintosh. On February 19, , Apple registered the ” Apple. However, these new lines were marketed poorly by what was now “arguably one of the worst-managed companies in the industry”.

The excess of arbitrary model numbers confused many consumers and hurt Apple’s reputation for simplicity. Compounding matters was the fact that, although the machines were cheaper than a comparable PC when taken into account all the components built-in that had to be added to the ‘bare bones PC’ , the poor marketing gave the impression that the machines were more expensive.

These processors used a RISC architecture, which differed substantially from the Motorola X0 series that were used by all previous Macs. Parts of Apple’s operating system software were rewritten so that most software written for older Macs could run in emulation on the PowerPC series.

In addition to computers, Apple has also produced consumer devices. In Apple launched eWorld , an online service providing email, news and a bulletin board system to replace AppleLink. It was shut down in In a decision was made to officially start licensing the Mac OS and Macintosh ROMs to 3rd party manufacturers who started producing Macintosh “clones”.

This was done in order to achieve deeper market penetration and extra revenue for the company. However, the Clonintoshes were competing with Apple’s own Mac’s and reduced Apple’s own sales. Jobs promptly found a loophole in the licensing contracts Apple had with the clone manufacturers and terminated the Macintosh OS licensing program, ending the Macintosh clone era.

During the 90’s, Apple was trying to develop a new operating system that would replace System 7 , which was already seen as outdated. The new operating system project was nicknamed Pink and Apple tried to develop a new OS.

Afterwards, Apple started project Copland , but it was affected by Feature creep due to software planned for Taligent having to be hastily reworked for Copland and subsequently Development hell.

Ultimately, Apple decided that Copland would never ship as is and it was scrapped. Hancock reportedly was in favor of going with Solaris, while Amelio preferred Windows. Fred D. Anderson was the head of the directors in short term and obtained short-term working capital from the banks in July On November 10, , Apple introduced the Apple Store , an online retail store based upon the WebObjects application server the company had acquired in its purchase of NeXT.

The new direct sales outlet was also tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing strategy. As part of the deal, Apple and Microsoft agreed to settle a long-standing dispute over whether Microsoft’s Windows operating system infringed on any of Apple’s patents. Microsoft chairman Bill Gates appeared at the expo on-screen, further explaining Microsoft’s plans for the software they were developing for Mac, and stating that he was very excited to be helping Apple return to success.

After this, Steve Jobs said this to the audience at the expo:. If we want to move forward and see Apple healthy and prospering again, we have to let go of a few things here. We have to let go of this notion that for Apple to win, Microsoft has to lose. We have to embrace a notion that for Apple to win, Apple has to do a really good job.

And if others are going to help us that’s great, because we need all the help we can get, and if we screw up and we don’t do a good job, it’s not somebody else’s fault, it’s our fault. So I think that is a very important perspective. If we want Microsoft Office on the Mac, we better treat the company that puts it out with a little bit of gratitude; we’d like their software. So, the era of setting this up as a competition between Apple and Microsoft is over as far as I’m concerned.

This is about getting Apple healthy, this is about Apple being able to make incredibly great contributions to the industry and to get healthy and prosper again. Apple CFO Fred Anderson stated that Apple would use the additional funds to invest in its core markets of education and creative content. While discontinuing Apple’s licensing of its operating system to third-party computer manufacturers, one of Jobs’s first moves as new acting CEO was to develop the iMac , which bought Apple time to restructure.

The line became a sales smash, moving about one million units each year. It also helped re-introduce Apple to the media and public and announced the company’s new emphasis on the design and aesthetics of its products.

Also that year, Apple unveiled the iBook , its first consumer-oriented laptop that was also the first Macintosh to support the use of Wireless LAN via the optional AirPort card that was based on the To aid users in transitioning their applications from Mac OS 9 , the new operating system allowed the use of Mac OS 9 applications through the Classic environment.

In May , after much speculation, Apple announced the opening of a line of Apple retail stores, to be located throughout the major U. The stores were designed for two primary purposes: to stem the tide of Apple’s declining share of the computer market and to respond to poor marketing of Apple products at third-party retail outlets. In October , Apple introduced its first iPod portable digital audio player. Then iPod started as a 5 gigabyte player capable of storing around songs.

Since then it has evolved into an array of products including the Mini now discontinued , the iPod Touch , the Shuffle now discontinued , the iPod Classic also discontinued , the Nano now discontinued , the iPhone and the iPad. Since March , the largest storage capacity for an iPod has been gigabytes. The iPod gave an enormous lift to Apple’s financial results. The new iMac G4 design had a white hemispherical base and a flat panel all-digital display supported by a swiveling chrome neck.

After several iterations increasing the processing speed and screen sizes from 15″ to 17″ to 20″ the iMac G4 was discontinued and replaced by the iMac G5 in the summer of In , Apple also released the Xserve 1U rack mounted server. Originally featuring two G4 chips, the Xserve was unusual for Apple in two ways.

It represented an earnest effort to enter the enterprise computer market and it was also relatively cheaper than similar machines released by its competitors. Its all-metal anodized aluminum chassis finished Apple’s transition away from colored plastics in their computers. Apple claims this was the first bit computer sold to the general public. The Power Mac G5 was also used by Virginia Tech to build its prototype System X supercomputing cluster, which at the time was considered the third-fastest supercomputer in the world.

Apple’s Xserves were soon updated to use the G5 as well. They replaced the Power Mac G5 machines as the main building block of Virginia Tech ‘s System X , which was ranked in November as the world’s seventh-fastest supercomputer. A new iMac based on the G5 processor was unveiled August 31, and was made available in mid-September. This model dispensed with the base altogether, placing the CPU and the rest of the computing hardware behind the flat-panel screen, which is suspended from a streamlined aluminum foot.

This new iMac, dubbed the iMac G5 , was the “world’s thinnest desktop computer”, [] measuring in at around two inches around 5 centimeters. After creating a sizable financial base to work with, the company began experimenting with new parts from new suppliers. As a result, Apple was able to produce new designs quickly over a short amount of time, with the release of the iPod Video, then the iPod Classic, and eventually the iPod touch and iPhone.

Apple’s wildly successful PowerBook and iBook products relied on Apple’s previous generation G4 architecture, which was produced by Freescale Semiconductor , a spin-off from Motorola. This processor contains two cores in one rather than have two separate processors. Apple has also developed the Power Mac G5 Quad that uses two of the Dual-Core processors for enhanced workstation power and performance. The new Power Mac G5 Dual cores run individually at 2. The Power Mac G5 Quad cores run individually at 2.

Ginza was followed by a store in Osaka , Japan in August Another store was opened in Sapporo in A store in the Bullring shopping centre in Birmingham opened in April , and the Bluewater shopping centre in Dartford , Kent opened in July Also, in an effort to court a broader market, Apple opened several “mini” stores in October in an attempt to capture markets where demand does not necessarily dictate a full-scale store.

These stores follow in the footsteps of the successful Apple products: iPod mini and Mac mini. These stores are only one half the square footage of the smallest “normal” store and thus can be placed in several smaller markets. In , Apple introduced its iTools service, a set of free web-based tools that included an email account, internet greeting cards called iCards, a service called iReview that gave internet users a place to read and write reviews of Web sites, and a tool called KidSafe that promised to prevent children from browsing inappropriate portions of the web.

The latter two services were eventually canceled because of lack of success, while iCards and email became integrated into Apple’s. Mac subscription-based service introduced in and discontinued in mid to make way for the release of the new MobileMe service, coinciding with the iPhone 3G release. Some controversy surrounded the release of MobileMe services to users resulting in expected downtime and a significantly longer release window.

As a result of this, Apple extended the subscriptions of existing MobileMe subscribers by an additional 30 days free-of-charge. This service kept most of the core services that MobileMe offered, however dropping iDisk, Gallery, and iWeb.

The iTunes Music Store was launched in April , with 2 million downloads in the first 16 days. Music was purchased through the iTunes application, which was initially Macintosh-only; in October , support for Windows was added. Initially, the music store was only available in the United States due to licensing restrictions. A version for Canada opened in December The download was The Complete U2 , by U2. Briefly, people in New Zealand were able to buy music off the Australian store.

However, that loophole was quickly closed. On February 23, , the iTunes Music Store sold its 1 billionth song. Since iTunes’ inception, it has sold over 2 billion songs, 1. Since downloadable TV and movie content was added 50 million TV episodes and 1. In early , Apple celebrated the 10 billionth song downloaded from the iTunes Music Store. In a keynote address on June 6, , Steve Jobs officially announced that Apple would begin producing Intel-based Macintosh computers beginning in This introduction came with the news that Apple would complete the transition to Intel processors on all hardware by the end of , a year ahead of the originally quoted schedule.

On January 9, , Apple Computer, Inc. In his Macworld Expo keynote address, Steve Jobs explained that with their current product mix consisting of the iPod and Apple TV as well as their Macintosh brand, Apple really wasn’t just a computer company anymore. At the same address, Jobs revealed a product that would revolutionize an industry in which Apple had never previously competed: the Apple iPhone.

The iPhone combined Apple’s first widescreen iPod with the world’s first mobile device boasting visual voicemail, and an internet communicator able to run a fully-functional version of Apple’s web browser, Safari , on the then-named iPhone OS later renamed iOS. It was another 12 months before the iPhone 3G became available on July 11, This month iteration cycle has continued with the iPhone 4 model arriving in similar fashion in , a Verizon model was released in February , and a Sprint model in October , shortly after Jobs’ death.

Now two iPod types are multi-touch: the iPod nano and the iPod touch, a big advance in technology. Apple has also gone wireless, selling a wireless trackpad, keyboard, mouse, and external hard drive.

Wired accessories are, however, still available. The Apple iPad was announced on January 27, , with retail availability commencing in April and systematically growing in markets throughout The iPad fits into Apple’s iOS product line, being twice the screen size of an iPhone without the phone abilities. While there were initial fears of product cannibalization the FY financial results released in Jan included commentary of a reverse ‘halo’ effect, where iPad sales were leading to increased sales of iMacs and MacBooks.

Since , Apple’s revenues, profits, and stock price have grown significantly. On May 26, , Apple’s stock market value overtook Microsoft’s, [] [] [] and Apple’s revenues surpassed those of Microsoft in the third quarter of The Guardian reported that one of the reasons for the change was because PC software, where Microsoft dominates, has become less important compared to the tablet and smartphone markets, where Apple has a strong presence.

On March 2, , Apple unveiled the iPad’s second-generation model, the iPad 2. Like the 4th generation iPod Touch and iPhone, the iPad 2 comes with a front-facing camera as well as a rear-facing camera, along with three new apps that utilize these new features: Camera, FaceTime , and Photo Booth.

On October 29, , Apple announced structural changes to increase collaboration between hardware, software, and services. The most notable short term difference of this restructuring was the launch of iOS 7 , the first version of the operating system to use a drastically different design to its predecessors, headed by Jony Ive. During this time, Apple released the iPhone 5 , the first iPhone to have a screen larger than 3.

They released the iPad 3rd generation with Retina Display, followed by the iPad 4th generation just half a year later. The iPad Mini was announced alongside the iPad 4th gen, and was the first to feature a smaller screen than 9.

This was followed by the iPad Mini 2 with Retina Display in , alongside the iPad Air , a continuation of the original 9. Apple also released various major Mac updates, including the MacBook Pro with Retina Display , [] whilst also discontinuing the original MacBook range for a short period, before reintroducing it in with various new features, a Retina Display and a new design that implemented USB-C , while removing all other ports. On November 25, , Apple acquired a company called PrimeSense.

Speichermedium E-Book-Reader. Dieser Artikel oder nachfolgende Abschnitt ist nicht hinreichend mit Belegen beispielsweise Einzelnachweisen ausgestattet. Dieser Artikel oder Absatz stellt die Situation in Deutschland dar. Hilf mit , die Situation in anderen Staaten zu schildern. Teile dieses Artikels scheinen seit nicht mehr aktuell zu sein. Mehr zum Thema ist hier zu finden z. Januar Februar Dezember In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. August , S. In: www. Abgerufen am Oktober In: Der Spiegel.

Nummer 27, , S. Auf: Heise-Online. Abgerufen am 6. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, , the NSA believed that it had public support for a dramatic expansion of its surveillance activities. In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks , the NSA created new IT systems to deal with the flood of information from new technologies like the Internet and cellphones.

ThinThread contained advanced data mining capabilities. It also had a “privacy mechanism”; surveillance was stored encrypted; decryption required a warrant. The research done under this program may have contributed to the technology used in later systems. Some NSA whistleblowers complained internally about major problems surrounding Trailblazer.

The project was cancelled in early Turbulence started in It was developed in small, inexpensive “test” pieces, rather than one grand plan like Trailblazer. It also included offensive cyber-warfare capabilities, like injecting malware into remote computers. Congress criticized Turbulence in for having similar bureaucratic problems as Trailblazer. The massive extent of the NSA’s spying, both foreign and domestic, was revealed to the public in a series of detailed disclosures of internal NSA documents beginning in June The court also added that the US intelligence leaders, who publicly defended it, were not telling the truth.

NSA’s eavesdropping mission includes radio broadcasting, both from various organizations and individuals, the Internet, telephone calls, and other intercepted forms of communication. Its secure communications mission includes military, diplomatic, and all other sensitive, confidential or secret government communications. According to a article in The Washington Post , “[e]very day, collection systems at the National Security Agency intercept and store 1.

The NSA sorts a fraction of those into 70 separate databases. Its capabilities were suspected to include the ability to monitor a large proportion of the world’s transmitted civilian telephone, fax and data traffic. During the early s, the first of what became more than eight large satellite communications dishes were installed at Menwith Hill.

Alleged Echelon-related activities, including its use for motives other than national security, including political and industrial espionage , received criticism from countries outside the UKUSA alliance. Those targeted had not committed any apparent crime nor were they charged with one. In order to support its facial recognition program, the NSA is intercepting “millions of images per day”.

The Real Time Regional Gateway is a data collection program introduced in in Iraq by NSA during the Iraq War that consisted of gathering all electronic communication, storing it, then searching and otherwise analyzing it. It was effective in providing information about Iraqi insurgents who had eluded less comprehensive techniques. Alexander , is believed by Glenn Greenwald of The Guardian to be the model for the comprehensive worldwide mass archiving of communications which NSA is engaged in as of Initially, it was reported that some of these data reflected eavesdropping on citizens in countries like Germany, Spain and France, [77] but later on, it became clear that those data were collected by European agencies during military missions abroad and were subsequently shared with NSA.

XKeyscore rules as specified in a file xkeyscorerules When my oldest son was asked the same question: “Has he been approached by the NSA about backdoors?

Then he was sort of in the legal free. He had given the right answer, everybody understood that the NSA had approached him.

IBM Notes was the first widely adopted software product to use public key cryptography for client—server and server—server authentication and for encryption of data. Until US laws regulating encryption were changed in , IBM and Lotus were prohibited from exporting versions of Notes that supported symmetric encryption keys that were longer than 40 bits.

In , Lotus negotiated an agreement with the NSA that allowed the export of a version that supported stronger keys with 64 bits, but 24 of the bits were encrypted with a special key and included in the message to provide a “workload reduction factor” for the NSA.

This strengthened the protection for users of Notes outside the US against private-sector industrial espionage , but not against spying by the US government. While it is assumed that foreign transmissions terminating in the U. They intercept routers , servers and other network hardware being shipped to organizations targeted for surveillance and install covert implant firmware onto them before they are delivered.

This was described by an NSA manager as “some of the most productive operations in TAO because they preposition access points into hard target networks around the world.

Computers seized by the NSA due to interdiction are often modified with a physical device known as Cottonmouth. NSA’s mission, as set forth in Executive Order in , is to collect information that constitutes “foreign intelligence or counterintelligence” while not “acquiring information concerning the domestic activities of United States persons “. NSA has declared that it relies on the FBI to collect information on foreign intelligence activities within the borders of the United States, while confining its own activities within the United States to the embassies and missions of foreign nations.

NSA’s domestic surveillance activities are limited by the requirements imposed by the Fourth Amendment to the U. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court for example held in October , citing multiple Supreme Court precedents, that the Fourth Amendment prohibitions against unreasonable searches and seizures apply to the contents of all communications, whatever the means, because “a person’s private communications are akin to personal papers.

George W. Title 1 , 2 , and 9 specifically authorized measures that would be taken by the NSA. These titles granted enhanced domestic security against terrorism, surveillance procedures, and improved intelligence, respectively. They threatened to resign over the matter, but ultimately the NSA’s programs continued.

This allowed the president to be able to override laws such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act , which protected civilians from mass surveillance. In addition to this, President Bush also signed that the measures of mass surveillance were also retroactively in place. One such surveillance program, authorized by the U. Army th Military Intelligence Brigade. NSA relayed telephone including cell phone conversations obtained from ground, airborne, and satellite monitoring stations to various U.

Conversations of citizens of the U. Proponents of the surveillance program claim that the President has executive authority to order such action [ citation needed ] , arguing that laws such as FISA are overridden by the President’s Constitutional powers. Rumsfeld deprecates this view. Data gathered include email, videos, photos, VoIP chats such as Skype , and file transfers.

Besides the more traditional ways of eavesdropping in order to collect signals intelligence, NSA is also engaged in hacking computers, smartphones and their networks. A division which conducts such operations is the Tailored Access Operations TAO division, which has been active since at least circa According to the Foreign Policy magazine, ” In an interview with Wired magazine, Edward Snowden said the Tailored Access Operations division accidentally caused Syria ‘s internet blackout in Each of these directorates consisted of several groups or elements, designated by a letter.

These groups were divided into units designated by an additional number, like unit A5 for breaking Soviet codes, and G6, being the office for the Middle East, North Africa, Cuba, Central and South America.

As of [update] , NSA has about a dozen directorates, which are designated by a letter, although not all of them are publicly known. The chiefs of other main NSA divisions became associate directors of the senior leadership team. After president George W.

Both units were part of the Signals Intelligence Directorate. NSANet is a highly secured computer network consisting of fiber-optic and satellite communication channels which are almost completely separated from the public Internet. The network allows NSA personnel and civilian and military intelligence analysts anywhere in the world to have access to the agency’s systems and databases.

This access is tightly controlled and monitored. For example, every keystroke is logged, activities are audited at random and downloading and printing of documents from NSANet are recorded. As a system administrator, Snowden was responsible for moving accidentally misplaced highly sensitive documents to safer storage locations.

NSA Police are armed federal officers. NSA Police have use of a K9 division, which generally conducts explosive detection screening of mail, vehicles and cargo entering NSA grounds. NSA Police use marked vehicles to carry out patrols.

The number of NSA employees is officially classified [4] but there are several sources providing estimates. In , NSA had 59, military and civilian employees, which grew to 93, in , of which 19, worked at the headquarters at Fort Meade.

In the early s, NSA had roughly 50, military and civilian personnel. By this number had grown again to 75,, of which 25, worked at the NSA headquarters. Between and the NSA’s budget and workforce were cut by one third, which led to a substantial loss of experience. Inglis , the deputy director, said that the total number of NSA employees is “somewhere between 37, and one billion” as a joke, [4] and stated that the agency is “probably the biggest employer of introverts.

As of about 1, system administrators work for the NSA. Investigations by the House Un-American Activities Committee and a special subcommittee of the United States House Committee on Armed Services revealed severe cases of ignorance in personnel security regulations, prompting the former personnel director and the director of security to step down and leading to the adoption of stricter security practices.

The very same day, an NSA clerk-messenger committed suicide as ongoing investigations disclosed that he had sold secret information to the Soviets on a regular basis. The reluctance of Congressional houses to look into these affairs had prompted a journalist to write, “If a similar series of tragic blunders occurred in any ordinary agency of Government an aroused public would insist that those responsible be officially censured, demoted, or fired.

Edward Snowden ‘s leaking of the existence of PRISM in caused the NSA to institute a ” two-man rule “, where two system administrators are required to be present when one accesses certain sensitive information. The NSA conducts polygraph tests of employees. For new employees, the tests are meant to discover enemy spies who are applying to the NSA and to uncover any information that could make an applicant pliant to coercion.

In addition the NSA conducts periodic polygraph investigations in order to find spies and leakers; those who refuse to take them may receive “termination of employment”, according to a memorandum from the director of the NSA. There are also “special access examination” polygraphs for employees who wish to work in highly sensitive areas, and those polygraphs cover counterintelligence questions and some questions about behavior. Between and , of the 20, job applicants who took polygraph tests, 3.

In the NSA produced a video explaining its polygraph process. Jeff Stein of The Washington Post said that the video portrays “various applicants, or actors playing them—it’s not clear—describing everything bad they had heard about the test, the implication being that none of it is true. A article indicated that after Edward Snowden revealed his identity in , the NSA began requiring polygraphing of employees once per quarter.

The number of exemptions from legal requirements has been criticized. When in Congress was hearing a bill giving the director of the NSA the power to fire at will any employee, The Washington Post wrote: “This is the very definition of arbitrariness.

It means that an employee could be discharged and disgraced on the basis of anonymous allegations without the slightest opportunity to defend himself. When the agency was first established, its headquarters and cryptographic center were in the Naval Security Station in Washington, D. Army ‘s cryptographic operations. Construction of additional buildings began after the agency occupied buildings at Fort Meade in the late s, which they soon outgrew. NSA workers referred to the building as the “Headquarters Building” and since the NSA management occupied the top floor, workers used “Ninth Floor” to refer to their leaders.

Meade , Maryland , although it is separate from other compounds and agencies that are based within this same military installation.

Fort Meade is about 20 mi 32 km southwest of Baltimore , [] and 25 mi 40 km northeast of Washington, D. The Eastbound exit from the Parkway heading toward Baltimore is open to the public and provides employee access to its main campus and public access to the National Cryptology Museum. NSA is the largest employer in the state of Maryland, and two-thirds of its personnel work at Fort Meade. The main NSA headquarters and operations building is what James Bamford , author of Body of Secrets , describes as “a modern boxy structure” that appears similar to “any stylish office building.

Capitol “could easily fit inside it four times over. The facility has over watchposts, [] one of them being the visitor control center, a two-story area that serves as the entrance. The OPS2A building, the tallest building in the NSA complex and the location of much of the agency’s operations directorate, is accessible from the visitor center.

Bamford described it as a “dark glass Rubik’s Cube “. The name refers to the “red badge” which is worn by someone without a security clearance.

The NSA headquarters includes a cafeteria, a credit union, ticket counters for airlines and entertainment, a barbershop, and a bank. The employees at the NSA headquarters reside in various places in the Baltimore-Washington area , including Annapolis , Baltimore, and Columbia in Maryland and the District of Columbia, including the Georgetown community. Following a major power outage in , in , and in follow-ups through , The Baltimore Sun reported that the NSA was at risk of electrical overload because of insufficient internal electrical infrastructure at Fort Meade to support the amount of equipment being installed.

This problem was apparently recognized in the s but not made a priority, and “now the agency’s ability to keep its operations going is threatened. BGE provided NSA with 65 to 75 megawatts at Fort Meade in , and expected that an increase of 10 to 15 megawatts would be needed later that year.

Increments II and III are expected to be completed by , and would quadruple the space, covering 5,, square feet 54 ha; 0. NCSC was responsible for computer security throughout the federal government. As of , NSA collected intelligence from four geostationary satellites. NSA had installations in several U. In , to protect its assets and access more electricity, NSA sought to decentralize and expand its existing facilities in Fort Meade and Menwith Hill, [] the latter expansion expected to be completed by The Yakima Herald-Republic cited Bamford, saying that many of NSA’s bases for its Echelon program were a legacy system , using outdated, s technology.

A NSA report indicates that the ECC is responsible for the “largest analysis and productivity in Europe” and focuses on various priorities, including Africa, Europe, the Middle East and counterterrorism operations. Thailand is a “3rd party partner” of the NSA along with nine other nations. It presumably eavesdrops on foreign embassies, governmental communications, and other targets of opportunity.

Its mission was to eavesdrop on the radio traffic of Chinese army and air force units in southern China, especially in and around the city of Kunming in Yunnan Province. In the late s, the base consisted only of a small CDAA antenna array that was remote-controlled via satellite from the NSA listening post at Kunia, Hawaii , and a small force of civilian contractors from Bendix Field Engineering Corp.

The base apparently fell into disrepair in the s as China and Vietnam became more friendly towards the US, and by archived satellite imagery showed that the PUSHER CDAA antenna had been torn down, perhaps indicating that the base had been closed.

It is likely that the NSA presence at Khon Kaen is relatively small, and that most of the work is done by civilian contractors. NSA has been involved in debates about public policy, both indirectly as a behind-the-scenes adviser to other departments, and directly during and after Vice Admiral Bobby Ray Inman ‘s directorship. NSA was a major player in the debates of the s regarding the export of cryptography in the United States.

Restrictions on export were reduced but not eliminated in Its secure government communications work has involved the NSA in numerous technology areas, including the design of specialized communications hardware and software, production of dedicated semiconductors at the Ft. Meade chip fabrication plant , and advanced cryptography research. For 50 years, NSA designed and built most of its computer equipment in-house, but from the s until about when the U.

Congress curtailed the practice , the agency contracted with the private sector in the fields of research and equipment. NSA was embroiled in some controversy concerning its involvement in the creation of the Data Encryption Standard DES , a standard and public block cipher algorithm used by the U.

There was suspicion that these changes had weakened the algorithm sufficiently to enable the agency to eavesdrop if required, including speculation that a critical component—the so-called S-boxes —had been altered to insert a ” backdoor ” and that the reduction in key length might have made it feasible for NSA to discover DES keys using massive computing power.

It has since been observed that the S-boxes in DES are particularly resilient against differential cryptanalysis , a technique which was not publicly discovered until the late s but known to the IBM DES team.

This small modification was suggested by NSA two years later, with no justification other than the fact that it provides additional security. An attack for SHA-0 that does not apply to the revised algorithm was indeed found between and by academic cryptographers. Because of weaknesses and key length restrictions in SHA-1, NIST deprecates its use for digital signatures , and approves only the newer SHA-2 algorithms for such applications from on.

A new hash standard, SHA-3 , has recently been selected through the competition concluded October 2, with the selection of Keccak as the algorithm. The process to select SHA-3 was similar to the one held in choosing the AES, but some doubts have been cast over it, [] [] since fundamental modifications have been made to Keccak in order to turn it into a standard.

Because of concerns that widespread use of strong cryptography would hamper government use of wiretaps , NSA proposed the concept of key escrow in and introduced the Clipper chip that would offer stronger protection than DES but would allow access to encrypted data by authorized law enforcement officials.

National Institute of Standards and Technology ‘s guidelines. This led to speculation of a backdoor which would allow NSA access to data encrypted by systems using that pseudorandom number generator PRNG.

This is now deemed to be plausible based on the fact that output of next iterations of PRNG can provably be determined if relation between two internal Elliptic Curve points is known. NSA has invested many millions of dollars in academic research under grant code prefix MDA , resulting in over 3, papers as of October 11, NSA has the ability to file for a patent from the U. Patent and Trademark Office under gag order.

Unlike normal patents, these are not revealed to the public and do not expire. However, if the Patent Office receives an application for an identical patent from a third party, they will reveal NSA’s patent and officially grant it to NSA for the full term on that date. One of NSA’s published patents describes a method of geographically locating an individual computer site in an Internet-like network, based on the latency of multiple network connections.

The heraldic insignia of NSA consists of an eagle inside a circle, grasping a key in its talons. Carter USA ordered the creation of a device to represent the agency. Crews associated with NSA missions have been involved in a number of dangerous and deadly situations. A tradition of declassifying the stories of the fallen was begun in In the United States, at least since , [] there has been legal controversy over what signal intelligence can be used for and how much freedom the National Security Agency has to use signal intelligence.

The government was not analyzing the phone records as of early Bush , the National Security Agency, in an attempt to thwart terrorism, had been tapping phone calls made to persons outside the country, without obtaining warrants from the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court , a secret court created for that purpose under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act FISA.

Edward Snowden was an American intelligence contractor who, in , revealed the existence of secret wide-ranging information-gathering programs conducted by the National Security Agency NSA.

As Snowden recounts, “I believe that, at this point in history, the greatest danger to our freedom and way of life comes from the reasonable fear of omniscient State powers kept in check by nothing more than policy documents It is not that I do not value intelligence, but that I oppose.

That seems to me a greater threat to the institutions of free society than missed intelligence reports, and unworthy of the costs. The vast majority of those were related to our military capabilities, operations, tactics, techniques, and procedures.

Bush , against the George W. Bush Presidency. NSA , U. In that case, the agency must ask the telecom companies for the record, which will only be kept for six months. The NSA’s use of large telecom companies to assist it with its surveillance efforts has caused several privacy concerns. NSA was reported in to use its computing capability to analyze “transactional” data that it regularly acquires from other government agencies, which gather it under their own jurisdictional authorities.

As part of this effort, NSA now monitors huge volumes of records of domestic email data, web addresses from Internet searches, bank transfers, credit-card transactions, travel records, and telephone data, according to current and former intelligence officials interviewed by The Wall Street Journal.

The sender, recipient, and subject line of emails can be included, but the content of the messages or of phone calls are not. A advisory group for the Obama administration, seeking to reform NSA spying programs following the revelations of documents released by Edward J. Snowden, [] mentioned in ‘Recommendation 30’ on page 37, ” Clarke was a group member and stated on April 11, , that NSA had no advance knowledge of Heartbleed. Law enforcement agents were directed to conceal how the investigations began and recreate an apparently legal investigative trail by re-obtaining the same evidence by other means.

The Justice Department then took action to correct the issues and bring the program into compliance with existing laws. Polls conducted in June found divided results among Americans regarding NSA’s secret data collection. On April 25, , the NSA obtained a court order requiring Verizon ‘s Business Network Services to provide metadata on all calls in its system to the NSA “on an ongoing daily basis” for a three-month period, as reported by The Guardian on June 6, This information includes “the numbers of both parties on a call The order relies on the so-called “business records” provision of the Patriot Act.

In August , following the Snowden leaks, new details about the NSA’s data mining activity were revealed. Reportedly, the majority of emails into or out of the United States are captured at “selected communications links” and automatically analyzed for keywords or other “selectors”.

Emails that do not match are deleted. The utility of such a massive metadata collection in preventing terrorist attacks is disputed. Many studies reveal the dragnet like system to be ineffective. One such report, released by the New America Foundation concluded that after an analysis of terrorism cases, the NSA “had no discernible impact on preventing acts of terrorism. Defenders of the program said that while metadata alone cannot provide all the information necessary to prevent an attack, it assures the ability to “connect the dots” [] between suspect foreign numbers and domestic numbers with a speed only the NSA’s software is capable of.

One benefit of this is quickly being able to determine the difference between suspicious activity and real threats.

Alexander mentioned at the annual Cybersecurity Summit in , that metadata analysis of domestic phone call records after the Boston Marathon bombing helped determine that rumors of a follow-up attack in New York were baseless. In addition to doubts about its effectiveness, many people argue that the collection of metadata is an unconstitutional invasion of privacy. As of [update] , the collection process remained legal and grounded in the ruling from Smith v.

Maryland A prominent opponent of the data collection and its legality is U. District Judge Richard J. Leon , who issued a report in [] in which he stated: “I cannot imagine a more ‘indiscriminate’ and ‘arbitrary invasion’ than this systematic and high tech collection and retention of personal data on virtually every single citizen for purposes of querying and analyzing it without prior judicial approval Surely, such a program infringes on ‘that degree of privacy’ that the founders enshrined in the Fourth Amendment “.

This ruling “is the first time a higher-level court in the regular judicial system has reviewed the NSA phone records program. Under the Upstream collection program, the NSA paid telecommunications companies hundreds of millions of dollars in order to collect data from them. In a declassified document it was revealed that 17, phone lines were on an improperly permitted “alert list” from to in breach of compliance, which tagged these phone lines for daily monitoring. The NSA tracks the locations of hundreds of millions of cellphones per day, allowing it to map people’s movements and relationships in detail.

Domestically, the NSA has been proven to collect and store metadata records of phone calls, [] including over million US Verizon subscribers , [] as well as intercept vast amounts of communications via the internet Upstream. Federal agents are then instructed to “recreate” the investigative trail via parallel construction. The NSA also spies on influential Muslims to obtain information that could be used to discredit them, such as their use of pornography.

The targets, both domestic and abroad, are not suspected of any crime but hold religious or political views deemed “radical” by the NSA. The newspaper said it had examined documents including emails, text messages, and online accounts that support the claim.

The Intelligence Committees of US House and Senate exercise primary oversight over the NSA; other members of congress have been denied access to materials and information regarding the agency and its activities. The NSA has “generally disregarded the special rules for disseminating United States person information” by illegally sharing its intercepts with other law enforcement agencies. Legal opinions on the NSA’s bulk collection program have differed.

In mid-December , U. District Judge Richard Leon ruled that the “almost-Orwellian” program likely violates the Constitution, and wrote, “I cannot imagine a more ‘indiscriminate’ and ‘arbitrary invasion’ than this systematic and high-tech collection and retention of personal data on virtually every single citizen for purposes of querying and analyzing it without prior judicial approval.

Surely, such a program infringes on ‘that degree of privacy’ that the Founders enshrined in the Fourth Amendment. Indeed, I have little doubt that the author of our Constitution, James Madison , who cautioned us to beware ‘the abridgement of freedom of the people by gradual and silent encroachments by those in power,’ would be aghast. Later that month, U. District Judge William Pauley ruled that the NSA’s collection of telephone records is legal and valuable in the fight against terrorism.

Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, “I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner. NSA whistle-blower Edward Snowden additionally revealed the existence of XKeyscore , a top secret NSA program that allows the agency to search vast databases of “the metadata as well as the content of emails and other internet activity, such as browser history,” with capability to search by “name, telephone number, IP address, keywords, the language in which the internet activity was conducted or the type of browser used.

Regarding the necessity of these NSA programs, Alexander stated on June 27, , that the NSA’s bulk phone and Internet intercepts had been instrumental in preventing 54 terrorist “events”, including 13 in the US, and in all but one of these cases had provided the initial tip to “unravel the threat stream”. The U. An October United Nations report condemned mass surveillance by the United States and other countries as violating multiple international treaties and conventions that guarantee core privacy rights.

A number of experts have pointed the finger at the NSA’s non-disclosure of the underlying vulnerability, and their loss of control over the EternalBlue attack tool that exploited it. Edward Snowden said that if the NSA had ” privately disclosed the flaw used to attack hospitals when they found it, not when they lost it, [the attack] might not have happened”.

He quit the company after learning his team had hacked Qatari Sheikha Moza bint Nasser ‘s email exchanges with Michelle Obama , just prior to her visit to Doha. The incident highlights a growing trend of former NSA employees and contractors leaving the agency to start up their own firms, and then hiring out to countries like Turkey , Sudan and even Russia , a country involved in numerous cyberattacks against the US.

In May , it was reported that Danish Defence Intelligence Service collaborated with NSA to wiretap on fellow EU members and leaders, [] [] leading to wide backlash among EU countries and demands for explanation from Danish and American governments. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.